New Protein May Lead to New Breast Cancer Treatments

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A New Approach may be around the corner for the treatment of breast cancer.

New research published September 14, 2011 online in the Journal of the National Cancer Institutejust announced that Dr. Suresh Alahari, the Fred Brazda Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans and its Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, has found that a protein discovered by his laboratory can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells.
“Our research shows that nischarin (the newly discovered protein) can function as a tumor suppressor of breast cancer, inhibiting breast cancer progression," Dr Alahari said in a interview with Science Daily.
This marks a significant advance in the battle against one of the disease most likely to effect women and some men during their life time. The American Cancer Society estimates that for 2011:

• About 230,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women.
• About 57,650 new cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) will be diagnosed (CIS is non-invasive and is the earliest form of breast cancer).
• About 39,520 women will die from breast cancer

The LSUHSC research team supported by grants from the NIH, Susan Komen Foundation and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium included Dr. Robin McGoey, postdoctoral fellows, Drs. Somesh Baranwal, Yanfang Wang, Rajamani Rathinam, and Lianjin Jin. Researchers from Duke University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center also contributed.
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New Discovery May Lead to New Fibroid Treatment

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A recent study released but the University of Helsinki may eventually lead to early intervention in treating fibroids. After examining fibroids from a large sample of women 70 % contained a single gene mutation, MED12, which may lead to the ability to treat this condition.

"This is a giant step toward understanding why fibroids arise -- but toward design of targeted therapies it is a very early step," study leader Lauri A. Aaltonen, MD, PhD, of the University of Helsinki, says in a news release. "Let's hope that this journey has begun."

Fibroids, also called leiomyomas, are noncancerous growths of the uterus. Up to 60% of women develop fibroids by age 45. In many cases these growth go undetected and cause no problems, however for some women they can cause painful periods, irregular bleeding and are a factor in recurrent miscarriage.

Current treatments for problem fibroids are most often focused on symptom control with medication or removal of fibroids by a minimally invasive surgery called hysteroscopy. Recent discoveries of genetic mutations in fibroid tissue may lead to new treatments in that could reduce or eliminated with gene therapies.
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New Discovery Hold Promise for Transplant and HIV+ Patients

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A team of researchers at University of British Columbia lead by Dr. William Jefferies announced that they have discovered the mechanism which activates T-Cells, the white blood cells that kill viruses and can cause transplant organ rejection.
In the August edition of Immunity, the on-line research journal, Jeffries team announced finding which may lead to new drug development.
“By identifying the mechanism that leads T-cells to spring into action and proliferate, the research… provides a new target for future or existing drugs that could bolster the immune systems of people with HIV or cancer,” Researchers said in an interview with Science Daily.
This is one of the latest advances in medical research that is changing the treatment options for patients with HIV as well as those who need transplants. The discovery of this mechanism could be manipulated to help prevent the rejection of transplant organs due to attacks by the bodies’ immune system. In medications for organ transplant patients new medications could limit immune system reactions that cause rejection by attacking new organ. Jeffries also suggested that this discovery might allow for new medications for disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissue. This could improve treatment of other autoimmune diseases like arthritis and diabetes.
Jefferies collaborated with Simon V. Hunt, Oxford University, and Professor Torben Bech-Hansen at the University of Calgary. The team at UBC included Professors David Fedida, Rusung Tan, and Hung-Sia Teh, Associate Professor Douglas Waterfield, graduate students Kyla Omilusik, Yiwen Teresa Wang and Xiaoxi Chen and research associates John Priatel and Hongjian Xu.
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More Attention Needed to Reproductive Preservation for Cancer Survivors

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A new study published in the on line version of the journal Cancer March 26, 2012 shows that there are disparities in counseling and treatment to protect women’s fertility when they go through treatment for various types of cancers.

"Although more women are getting counseled regarding reproductive health risks, many women are still not receiving adequate information about their options at the time of cancer diagnosis," according to Dr Mitchell Rosen, of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) who co-authored the study.

Rosen and colleagues surveyed women diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 18 and 40 years, who were registered in the California Cancer Registry between 1993 and 2007.

They found that 61% of the women received counseling on the risks that cancer treatment can have on their fertility from their doctor or other clinician. However, only 4% of women took up the option of fertility preservation. Rates showed a tendency to increase over time. In 1993, the take up rate was 1%, whereas in 2005 to 2007 it was between 6% and 10%.

Younger, Caucasian, childless, heterosexual, and college educated women were the most likely to receive counseling about the effects of cancer treatment on their fertility, and also most likely to preserve fertility beforehand. Disparities in sociodemographic health characteristics and economics likely affect women's access to fertility preservation services.

Early findings from the study include:

• The percentage of women reporting acute ovarian failure was 8 percent, 10 percent, 9 percent and 5 percent for Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal cancers respectively. Acute ovarian failure increased significantly with age at diagnosis.
• In women without acute ovarian failure, the incidence of infertility increased significantly with age at diagnosis. For instance, the proportion of infertile women with Hodgkin's disease was 18 percent at 20 years old and 57 percent at 35 years old.
• The estimated probability of early menopause increased significantly with younger age at diagnosis. For example, using age as a predictor of early menopause in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 56 percent of women 20 years old at diagnosis may experience menopause early, compared to 16 percent of those who were 35 years old at diagnosis.

"An opportunity lies ahead to explore educational and policy interventions to ameliorate health disparities that may exist in the growing use of fertility preservation," said Rosen.
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Menopause Not Causing Increased Heart Problems for Women

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For years doctors have attributed raised rates of heart disease in women after menopause as somehow linked to hormonal changes. However researchers at Johns Hopkins announced yesterday that current research shows age alone is the main factor.

"Our data show there is no big shift toward higher fatal heart attack rates after menopause," says Dhananjay Vaidya, Ph.D., the studies leader at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "What we believe is going on is that the cells of the heart and arteries are aging like every other tissue in the body, and that is why we see more and more heart attacks every year as women age. Aging itself is an adequate explanation and the arrival of menopause with its altered hormonal impact does not seem to play a role."

While rates of fatal heart disease are different for men and women, this difference may lay in different rate of cellular changes in men and women when cells replicate. Cell aging may hold the key -- most notably the concept of shrinking telomere length -- could account for some of the gender differences, Vaidya suggested when discussing different heart disease rates.

Telomeres are found at the end of each chromosome in the body and act as shields that protect important genes from assault. Telomeres shrink every time they are copied, which occurs every time cells divide. As telomeres get shorter, there is the chance that the genes at the end of the chromosome will get damaged, and if they are, they will not recover, leading to the damaging effects of aging.

Previous studies show that telomere lengths are similar in male and female babies, but become significantly shorter in young adult men as compared to young adult women, which could account for the finding that men have increased risk of cardiovascular mortality at younger ages. At later ages, telomeres shorten at similar rates in men and women, which could account for their similar heart disease mortality rate increases during older ages.
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